翻译情感驿站

人们往往只看到翻译有高收入,却没人知道翻译人员背后的心酸

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对翻译理论作用的认识

在《笔谈》中,奈达屡次提及翻译理论对翻译实践的指导作用,如,“各色各样的语际交流理论很少为大部分优秀的口、笔译专业工作者所使用”、“很难运用一般原理解决具体问题”等。似乎在他看来,翻译理论一提出就应马上可以用于指导实践(还有许多学者也持有类似的观点,认为翻译理论与实践之间有脱节现象,进而否定翻译理论的意义)。从一般哲学角度看,理论来源于实践,上述说法没有什么错误。但不要忘记翻译活动本身的特殊性质。我们目前所说的翻译理论(或是纯理论)是通过对翻译实践活动经验的总结而提炼出来的,主要用来检验翻译作品、检查翻译活动的效果,而并非像奈达认为的那样,直接用来指导翻译实践。
  为进一步说明这一点,我们首先借助霍姆斯的译学理论来具体分析一下。在霍姆斯的译学构想中,翻译学被分为三大分支:描写翻译研究、翻译理论和应用翻译研究。他认为,“翻译理论研究分支主要是利用描写翻译研究的成果,加上相关学科的理论,建立用于解释和预测翻译过程和翻译产品的原则理论及模式”。(张美芳,2000)在他看来,理论是用来“解释和预测翻译过程和翻译产品的”。西文翻译理论家图瑞也持有类似的观点。他认为“翻译学术研究的目的是描述和解释现象,而不是改造世界”。(陈德鸿、张南峰,2000:126)这里所说的“改造世界”显然指的是指导翻译实践活动。
  由此可以看出,奈达的“翻译理论无用论”关键在于他并未能真正把翻译理论与指导翻译实践的应用理论分离开来,把翻译理论的作用等同于应用理论的作用。说到这里,我们不禁要反问一句,难道所有的“一般原理”都要用来解决“具体问题”吗?众所周知,当今自然科学的基础是数学,但数学中也有理论数学和应用数学之分,其中理论数学是应用数学的基础,但对具体的实践活动就无直接的指导作用,不能用来解决“具体问题”,它却是数学科学的基础,不可或缺。自然科学尚且如此,作为一门“人文科学”(杨自俭,2000)的翻译学更是如此。
  另外,“奈达在阐述自己提出的新观点时,较少涉及具体的翻译技巧问题,而较多的涉及翻译中的语言学、风格学和修辞学问题。他这样做的目的,在于从比较广泛的范围内对翻译的普遍原理作进一步的探索”。(谭载喜,1991:79)奈达的研究主要是从宏观角度进行的,探讨的是普遍原理,那么不可避免地会忽略在微观层面上对具体技巧的研究与探讨,得出的理论也就远离实践。因此他现在过多的强调理论对实践的直接指导作用似乎是有悖于他的初衷的。

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